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Pranayamas are specially developed breathing techniques. Yoga Breathing produces a huge storage of energy in the solar plexus area. This will cause the body to radiate vitality and, if any sickness is developing, the body can call upon some of this energy reserve to combat the disease. Yoga breathing also improves brain function, as well as increasing the elimination of toxins from the system. The total effect of Yoga asanas and breathing is to produce a state of high vitality and rejuvenation. The most important in Pranayama is the rhythm of breath – the ratio of breathing phases. Traditionally the duration of the inhalation, the retention of breath and the exhalation is measured by mental counting or by counting the heart beats. But for the beginner and even for the advanced practitioner it is very difficult to stick to a rigid rhythm – there’s a tendency to slow down silent counting during the retention of breath. As for the heart beats, it is not very pleasant to listen to them. One may use an ordinary clock with the second hand, but another problem appears – if your breathing pattern is, for example eight seconds for inhalation, thirty-two seconds for breath retention and sixteen seconds for exhalation, you’ll have to do a lot of calculating to measure the correct beginning of each breathing phase.
pranayama & Psychiatric Disorders :
The Pranayama shows a reduction in sympathetic activity which is the basis of its use in stress management. Sudarshan Kriya yoga (One of the rhythmic breathing process) has been used in depression and melancholia (16). A thirty minute session of yogic stretching and breathing exercises produced marked augmentation in perception of physical and mental energy. It increases the falling of alertness and enthusiasm. It is more invigorating than relaxation or visualization techniques especially when practiced in a group setting (17).
Pranayama & Cardiovascular Response :
The cardiovascular system is controlled by the ANS. Yoga accompanied by breath control increases cardiac output, decreases the hepatic, renal blood flow and increases cerebral blood flow in the peripheral vessels. Heart rate alterations in various types of pranayama and in single thought and thoughtless states have been described (18-19). The effects of inspiratory and expiratory phases of normal quiet breathing, deep breathing and savitri pranayama breathing on heart rate and mean ventricular QRS axis was investigated in young healthy untrained subjects. Pranayama breathing produced significant cardio acceleration and an increase in the QRS axis during the inspiratory phase compared to eupnoea. These changes were similar to the changes observed during the corresponding phase of deep breathing or savitri pranayama breathing (20). Right nostril breathing activates the sympathetic nervous system and increase the heart rate. Alternate nostril breathing bring about a balance in the ANS (21 Kapalbhati practice showed an increase in the low frequency band and decrease in the high frequency band of the heart rate variability spectrum indicating increased sympathetic activity (22) nadishohdhana pranayama increased both components of HRV.
 
Puraka - Inhalation
Rechaka - Exhalation
Kumbhaka - Breath retention
Kumbhaka means a pot which can be full or empty. Kumbhaka is of two types. It is either a pause between an 'In' and an 'Out' breath, or between an 'Out' and an 'In' breath. It is the art of retaining the breath in a state of suspense.
Vrtti means action, movement, a course of conduct or method.
There are two types of vrtti pranayamas: Samavrtti and Visamavrtti. It is the former if the length of time in each inhalation, exhalation and retention of breath is the same. And it is the latter if the length is altered and varied.

Samvrtti Pranayama
Sama means equal, identical or in the same manner. In samavrtti pranayama an attempt is made to achieve uniformity in the duration of all the four processes of breathing, namely, inhalation (puraka), retention (antara kumbhaka), exhalation (rechaka) and retention (bahya kumbhaka). If the duration of puraka is say, five seconds or ten seconds, it should be the same in rechaka and kumbhakas.

Viumavrtti Pranayama
Visama means irregular. Visamavrtti Pranayama is so-called because the duration of puraka, antara kumbhaka, rechaka and bahya kumbhaka are varied. This leads to an interrupted rhythm, and the difference in ration creates difficulty and danger for the pupil, unless they are gifted with strong nerves, and good lungs.